3 principles: non-contradiction, sufficient reason(everything has a reason: logically, empirically, optimally), identity of indiscernible (depending on the hierarchy level of categories)
4 polarities: (in cycle)
Approach to systems |
Inference method |
Reasoning process |
Form of explanation |
Top-down |
Deduction |
Analysis |
Functional |
Bottom-up |
Induction/ Abduction |
Synthesis |
Structural |
3 Aristotelian logic laws: identity, contradiction, excluded middle; foundation of truth table
deductive(syllogism), inductive (major <->conclusion), abductive(minor<->conclusion)
Distribution of terms in categorical propositions
|
Affirmative |
Negative |
Universal |
SS is distributed PP is undistributed |
SS is distributed PP is distributed |
Particular |
SS is undistributed PP is undistributed |
SS is undistributed PP is distributed |
Figure 9.2.1 (A = UA, E=UN, I=PA, O=PN)
contradictory(P vs Not P), contrary(All vs None)
subcontrary (Some are vs Some aren’t), subalternation (all vs some, none vs some aren’t)
Table 9.2.3
each row is logically equivalent
Table 9.2.4
Table 9.2.5
6 general rules of syllogisms
fallacy of equivocation (four terms), undistributed middle, illicit major/minor, exclusive premises (two negative premises), negative -> negative
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