(net time : 125 min)

Unit 9

3 principles: non-contradiction, sufficient reason(everything has a reason: logically, empirically, optimally), identity of indiscernible (depending on the hierarchy level of categories)

4 polarities: (in cycle)

3 Aristotelian logic laws: identity, contradiction, excluded middle; foundation of truth table

deductive(syllogism), inductive (major <->conclusion), abductive(minor<->conclusion)

Distribution of terms in categorical propositions

Figure 9.2.1 (A = UA, E=UN, I=PA, O=PN)

contradictory(P vs Not P), contrary(All vs None)

subcontrary (Some are vs Some aren’t), subalternation (all vs some, none vs some aren’t)

Table 9.2.3

each row is logically equivalent

Table 9.2.4

Table 9.2.5

6 general rules of syllogisms

fallacy of equivocation (four terms), undistributed middle, illicit major/minor, exclusive premises (two negative premises), negative -> negative