Unit 3

 (net time : 184 min)

question->answer with existing theory, unanswered-> revolution, with constraints (real world, publicly available)

ask theoretically: hypothesis is true or consistent, possible prediction, what’s assumed, relation, structure, why not, how to experiment

ask experimentally: any interference, capability, initial state impact, to be destroyed?

4 stages: exploratory, conceptual, development, verification

8 stages: initial interest, delineation, empirical database; classification; generalization; hypothesis, analysis and debate, assimilation.

different ways: looking for pattern (table of elements, drifting continents), new instrument (microscope), discrepancy(argon), observation +thematic imagination (Kepler and Tacho)

Q2. motivator: sense of wonder(ask), search for understanding (seek), goal of generality (test)

Q3. Good question: depth, tantalizing, suggestive, fruitful

Q4. Good answer: no violation, consistent with or change theories, no logical contradiction

Q7.        effluvia theory is wrong:

                             close contact does not necessarily lead to infection.

                             no contact may lead to infection

water theory is right:

removing the water pump handle or not using the pump dropped the instance rate

death rate is dependant on water company with no bias sampling

              Snow’s questions: any interference, hypothesis is true, relation, how to experiment

Q10.      initial interest:

Babylonian/Greek observation, mathematical details of the system- Copernicus’s interest.

              empirical database:

Babylonian/Greek observation, Tycho

              generalization:

perfect circle

              hypothesis: earth-centered, sun-centered

                             Ptolemy’s epicycle + large cycle

                             Kepler’s law: eclipse, equal area but different speed, t²:r³ is constant

                             important: correct math model, agreement with evidence, look for physical causes

                             Descartes’ natural state of motion: straight line + constant speed

              analysis and debate:

retrograde vs circle, retrograde vs heliocenter

Copernicus’s mathematics work for heliocentric system

Galileo makes heliocentrism popular

              assimilation:

                             Newton’s law of motion